SYLLABUS FOR ONLINE
ENTRANCE TEST
HERE
IS THE SUBJECT-WISE SYLLABUS FOR THE MANIPAL ONLINE ENTRANCE TEST 2016 TO
PROGRAMS: MBBS, BDS, BTECH, BPHARM, PHARMD.
Please note that the test papers in
Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Mathematics and General English includes questions
based on the 10+2 syllabus followed by major 10+2 Boards/Universities.
PHYSICS
Measurement
Physical quantities,
Units, dimensions, errors in measurement; significant figures. dimensional
analysis and error analysis.
Kinematics
Motion in a straight
line: Position-time graph, speed and velocity. Uniform and non-uniform motion,
average speed and instantaneous velocity. Uniformly accelerated motion, velocity
time and position-time graphs, relations for uniformly accelerated motion
(graphical treatment). Concepts of differentiation and integration for
describing motion.
Scalar and vector
quantities: Position and displacement vectors, general vectors and notation,
equality of vectors, multiplication of vectors by a real number; addition and
subtraction of vectors. Relative velocity. Unit vectors. Resolution of a vector
in a plane – rectangular components. Scalar and Vector products of Vectors.
Motion in a plane. Cases of uniform velocity and uniform acceleration –
projectile motion. Uniform circular motion.
Force and Motion
Newton’s first law of
motion Force and Inertia; momentum and Newton’s second
law of motion;
impulse; Newton’s third law of motion. Law of conservation of linear momentum
and its applications. Equilibrium of concurrent forces.
Static and kinetic
friction, laws of friction, rolling friction, lubrication.
Dynamics of uniform
circular motion: Centripetal force, examples of circular motion (vehicle on
level circular road, vehicle on banked road).
Work and Energy
Work done by a
constant force and a variable force; kinetic energy, work-energy theorem,
power. Notion of potential energy, potential energy of a spring, conservative
forces; conservation of mechanical energy (kinetic and potential energies);
non-conservative forces; motion in a vertical circle, elastic and inelastic
collisions in one and two dimensions.
Rotational Motion and Rigid Body
Centre of mass of a
two-particle system, momentum conservation and centre of mass motion. Centre of
mass of a rigid body; centre of mass of uniform rod. Moment of a force, torque,
angular momentum, conservation of angular momentum with some examples.
Equilibrium of rigid bodies, rigid body rotation and equation of rotational
motion, comparison of linear
and rotational
motions; moment of inertia, radius of gyration. Values of moment of inertia
for simple geometrical objects. Parallel and perpendicular axes theorems
and their applications.
Gravitation
The universal law of
gravitation. Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and
depth. Kepler’s laws of planetary motion. Gravitational potential energy;
gravitational potential. Escape velocity, orbital velocity of a satellite. Geostationary
satellites.
Properties of Matter
Elastic behaviour,
Stress-strain relationship, Hooke’s law, Young’s modulus, bulk modulus, shear,
modulus of rigidity, poisson’s ratio; elastic energy.
Pressure due to a
fluid column; Pascal’s law and its applications (hydraulic lift and hydraulic
brakes). Effect of gravity on fluid pressure. Viscosity, Stokes’ law, terminal
velocity, Reynold’s number, streamline and turbulent flow. Critical velocity,
Bernoulli’s theorem and its applications.
Surface energy and
surface tension, angle of contact, excess of pressure, application of surface
tension ideas to drops, bubbles and capillary rise.
Heat and Thermodynamics
Temperature, thermal
expansion of solids, liquids, and gases. Anomalous expansion. Specific heat
capacity: Cp, Cv – calorimetry; change of state – latent heat. Heat transfer –
conduction and thermal conductivity, convection and radiation. Qualitative
ideas of Black Body Radiation, Wein’s displacement law, and Green House effect.
Newton’s law of cooling and Stefan’s law.
Thermal equilibrium
and definition of temperature. Heat, work and internal energy. First law of
thermodynamics. Isothermal and adiabatic processes. Second law of
thermodynamics: Reversible and irreversible processes. Heat engines and
refrigerators.
Kinetic Theory of
Gases: Equation of state of a perfect gas, work done on
compressing a gas. Assumptions of kinetic theory of gases, concept of pressure.
Kinetic energy and temperature; rmsspeed of gas molecules; degrees of freedom, law
of equipartition of energy and application
to heat capacities of
gases; concept of mean free path, Avogadro’s number.
Oscillations and Waves
Periodic motion –
period, frequency, displacement as a function of time. Periodic functions.
Simple harmonic motion (SHM) and its equation; phase; oscillations of a spring
– restoring force and force constant; energy in SHM – kinetic and potential
energies; simple pendulum – derivation of expression for its time period; free,
forced and damped oscillations, resonance. Wave motion. Longitudinal and
transverse waves, speed of wave motion. Displacement relation for a progressive
wave. Principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves, standing waves
in strings and organ pipes, fundamental mode and harmonics. Beats. Doppler
effect.
Electrostatics
Electric charges and
their conservation. Coulomb’s law – force between two point charges, forces
between multiple charges; superposition principle and continuous charge
distribution.
Electric field,
electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines; electric dipole,
electric field due to a dipole; torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field.
Electric flux,
statement of Gauss’s theorem and its applications to find field due to
infinitely long
straight wire,
uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical
shell Electric potential, potential difference, electric potential due to
a point charge, a dipole and system of charges; equipotential surfaces,
electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges and of electric
dipoles in an electrostatic field. Conductors and insulators, free charges and
bound charges inside a conductor. Dielectrics and electric polarisation,
capacitors and capacitance, combination of capacitors in series and in
parallel, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric
medium between the plates, energy stored in a capacitor, Van de Graaff
generator.
Current Electricity and Magnetism
Electric current,
flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor, drift velocity and mobility,
and their relation with electric current; Ohm’s law, electrical resistance, VI-characteristics of ohmic and non-ohmic conductors,
electrical energy and power, electrical resistivity and conductivity. Series
and parallel combinations of resistors; temperature dependence of resistance.
Internal resistance of a cell, potential difference and emf of a cell,
combination of cells in series and in parallel. Kirchhoff ’s laws and simple
applications. Wheatstone bridge, metre bridge. Potentiometer – principle and
applications to measure potential difference, and for comparing emf of two
cells; measurement of internal resistance of a cell.
Concept of magnetic
field, Oersted’s experiment. Biot - Savart law and its application to current
carrying circular
loop. Ampere’s law and its applications to infinitely long straight wire,
straight and toroidal solenoids. Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic
and electric fields. Cyclotron. Force on a current-carrying conductor in a
uniform magnetic field. Force between two parallel current carrying conductors
– definition of ampere. Torque experienced by a current loop in a magnetic
field; moving coil galvanometer – its current sensitivity and conversion to
ammeter and voltmeter. Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic
dipole moment. Magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron. Magnetic field
intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and
perpendicular to its axis. Torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a
uniform magnetic field; bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field
lines; Earth’s magnetic field and magnetic elements. Para-, dia- and ferro -
magnetic substances, with examples. Electromagnets and factors affecting their strengths.
Permanent magnets.
Electromagnetic
induction; Faraday’s law, induced emf and current; Lenz’s Law, Eddy currents.
Self and mutual inductance. Alternating currents, peak and rms value of
alternating current/voltage; reactance and impedance; LC oscillations, LCR
series circuit, resonance; power in AC circuits, wattles current. AC generator
and transformer.
Electromagnetic Waves
Need for displacement
current. Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics. Transverse nature of
electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves,
infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-rays, gamma rays) including elementary facts
about their uses.
Optics
Reflection of light,
spherical mirrors, mirror formula. Refraction of light, total internal reflection
and its applications, optical fibres, refraction at spherical surfaces, lenses,
thin lens formula, lens-maker’s formula. Magnification, power of a lens,
combination of thin lenses in contact combination of a lens and a mirror.
Refraction and dispersion of light through a prism. Scattering of light – blue
colour of the sky and reddish appearance of the sun at sunrise and sunset.
Optical instruments: Human eye, image formation and accommodation, correction
of eye defects (myopia and hypermetropia) using lenses. Microscopes and
astronomical telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying
powers.
Wave optics:
Wavefront and Huygens’ principle, reflection and refraction of plane wave at a
plane surface using wavefronts.
Proof of laws of reflection
and refraction using Huygens’ principle. Interference, Young’s double slit
experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources and sustained
interference of light. Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central
maximum. Resolving power of microscopes and astronomical telescopes.
Polarisation, plane polarised light; Brewster’s law, uses of plane polarised
light and Polaroids.
Modern Physics
Photoelectric effect,
Hertz and Lenard’s observations; Einstein’s photoelectric equation – particle
nature of light. Matter waves – wave nature of particles, de Broglie relation.
Davisson-Germer experiment .
Alpha - particle
scattering experiment; Rutherford’s model of atom; Bohr model, energy levels,
hydrogen spectrum.
Composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses, isotopes, isobars; isotones.
Radioactivity – alpha, beta and gamma particles/rays and their properties;
radioactive decay law. Mass-energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per
nucleon and its variation with mass number; nuclear fission and fusion.
Electronic Devices
Energy bands in
solids, conductors, insulators and semiconductors;
semiconductor diode –
IV-characteristics in forward and reverse bias, diode as
a rectifier; IV-characteristics of LED,
photodiode, solar cell, and Zener diode; Zener diode as a voltage regulator.
Junction transistor, transistor action, characteristics of a transistor;
transistor as an amplifier and oscillator. Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT,
NAND and NOR). Transistor as a switch.
Communication Systems
Elements of a
communication system; bandwidth of signals (speech, TV and digital data);
bandwidth of transmission medium. Propagation of electromagnetic waves in the
atmosphere, sky and space wave propagation. Need for modulation. Production and
detection of an amplitude-modulated wave.
Experimental Skills
Familiarity with the
basic approach and observations of the experiments and activities:
Experiments based on
use of vernier calipers and micrometer screw gauge
Determination of g
using simple pendulum
Young’s modulus by
Searle’s method
Specific heat of a
liquid using calorimeter
Focal length of a
concave mirror and a convex lens using uv-method,
Speed of sound using
resonance column
Verification of Ohm’s
law using voltmeter and ammeter, and specific resistance of the material of a
wire using meter bridge and post office box.
CHEMISTRY
Section-A: Physical Chemistry
1. Basic
concepts in Chemistry: Matter and its nature, Dalton’s
atomic theory, concept of atom, molecule, element and compound. Laws of
chemical combination, Atomic and molecular masses, mole concept and Avogadro
number, molar mass, vapour density-definition. Relationship between molecular
mass and vapour density. Concept of STP conditions, gram molar volume,
percentage composition, empirical and molecular formulae, chemical equations
and numerical problems in all these concepts, stoichiometry.
2. States
of matter: Classification of matter – Solid, liquid and gaseous states
Gaseous state: Gas laws – Boyle’s
law, Charles’s law, Graham’s law of diffusion, Avogadro’s law, Dalton’s law of
partial pressures, Gay Lussac’s Law of combining volumes, concept of
absolute temperature scale, Ideal gas equation, kinetic theory of gases -
postulates, concept of average, root mean square and most probable velocities,
Expressions for r.m.s velocity and kinetic energy from the kinetic gas
equation. Numerical problems. Ideal and real gases, Ideal gas equation, value
of R (SI units). Deviation of real gases from the ideal behaviour. PV-P curves.
Causes for the deviation of real gases from ideal behavior. Derivation of Van
der Waal’s equation and interpretation of PV-P curves
Liquid state: Properties of
liquids – vapour pressure, viscosity and surface tension, effect of temp. on
them.
Solid state: classifications of
solids: molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and
crystalline solids, Bragg’s law and its applications, Unit cell and lattices, packing
in solids (fcc, bcc and hcp lattices) voids, calculations involving unit cell
parameters, imperfection in solids, electrical and magnetic properties.
3. Atomic
structure
Introduction -
constituents of atoms, their charge and mass.
Atomic number and atomic mass. Wave nature of light, Electromagnetic
spectrum-emission spectrum of hydrogen-Lyman series, Balmer series, Paschen
series, Brackett series and Pfund series. Rydberg’s equation. Numerical
problems involving calculation of wavelength and wave numbers of lines in the
hydrogen spectrum. Atomic model- Bohr’s theory, (derivation of equation
for energy and radius not required). Explanation of origin of lines in hydrogen
spectrum. Limitations of Bohr’s theory. Dual nature of electron - distinction
between a particle and a wave. de Broglie’s Theory. Matter-wave equation
(derivation). Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle (Qualitative). Quantum
numbers - n, l, m and s and their
significance and inter relationships. Concept of orbital - shapes of s, p and d
orbitals. Pauli’s exclusion principle and Aufbau principle. Energy level
diagram and (n+1) rule. Electronic configuration of elements with atomic
numbers from 1 to 54, extra stability of half-filled and completely filled
orbitals. Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity.
4.
Chemical bonding and molecular structure: Kossel – Lewis
approach to chemical bond formation, concept of ionic and covalent bonds.
Ionic bonding: formation of ionic
bonds, factors affecting the formation of ionic bonds, calculation of lattice
enthalpy.
Covalent bonding: valence shell
electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory and shapes of simple molecules,
molecular orbital theory (MOT) - linear combination of atomic orbitals
(Qualitative approach), energy level diagram, rules for filling molecular
orbitals, bonding and anti-bonding molecular orbitals, bond order, electronic
configuration of H2, Li2 and O2 Non-existence
of He2 and paramagnetism of
O2.
Metallic bonding: Electron gas theory
(Electron Sea model), definition of metallic bond, correlation of metallic
properties with nature of metallic bond using electron gas theory.
Hydrogen bonding – inter and intra
molecular, properties.
5.
Solutions: Methods of expressing concentration of solutions –
ppm, molarity, molality, normality, mole fraction, percentage (by volume and
wt.), Principles of volumetric analysis- standard solution, titrations and
indicators-acid-base (phenolphthalein and methyl orange) and redox
(Diphenylamine) numerical problems. Vapour pressure of solutions and
Raoult’s law, Ideal and non-ideal solutions, colligative properties of dilute
solutions – relative lowering of vapour pressure, depression of freezing point,
elevation of boiling point, osmotic pressure, calculation of mol. wt of a
solute using colligative properties, van’t Hoff factor and its significance.
6.
Equilibrium: Meaning of equilibrium, concept of
dynamic equilibrium.
Equilibrium involving physical
processes: solid – liquid, liquid – gas and solid – gas equilibria, Henry’s law,
general characteristics of equilibrium involving physical processes.
Equilibrium involving chemical
processes: Law of chemical equilibrium, equilibrium constants (Kpand Kc) and their
significance, significance of ∆G and ∆G" in chemical equilibria, factors
affecting equilibrium, concentration, pressure, temp., effect of catalyst, Le
Chatelier’s principle.
Ionic equilibrium: Electrolytes and
non-electrolytes, ionization of electrolytes, Electrolysis -Faraday’s Laws of
electrolysis, numerical problems. Arrhenius theory of electrolytic
dissociation, Merits and limitations. Specific conductivity and molar
conductivity - definitions and units. Strong and weak electrolytes with
examples. Factors affecting the conductivity. Acid – Base theories
(Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis) and their limitations, acid-base
equilibria, ionization constants, Strengths of Acids and Bases - dissociation
constants of weak acids and weak bases. Ostwald’s dilution law for weak
electrolytes (eq. derivation) - expression for hydrogen ion concentration of
weak acid and hydroxyl ion concentration of weak base - numerical
problems. Ionic product of water, pH concept and pH scale. pKa and pKb values -
numerical problems. Buffers, types of buffers, mechanism of buffer action,
Henderson’s equation for pH of a buffer (derivation), preparation of buffers of
required pH -numerical problems. Common ion effect, solubility,
expression for Ksp of sparingly soluble salts of
types AB, AB2. Relationship between solubility
and solubility product of salts of types AB, AB2. Applications
of common ion effect and solubility product in qualitative analysis, numerical
problems.
7. Redox
reactions and Electrochemistry: Electronic concept of
oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, rules for assigning
oxidation number, balancing of redox reactions, Electrode potential -
Definition, factors affecting single electrode potential, Standard electrode
potential, Nernst’s equation for calculating single electrode potential,
construction of electro-chemical cells, Daniel cell, free energy change during
cell reactions (∆G). Reference electrodes - Standard Hydrogen Electrode
(SHE) - construction, use of SHE for determination of SRP of other single
electrodes and pH of solutions, Limitations of SHE. Electrochemical
series and its applications, galvanic and electrolytic cells, half-cell and
cell reactions, emf of a galvanic cell and its measurement, Nernst eq. and its
applications, working principles of dry cell, lead acid cell and H2-O2fuel cell.
8.
Chemical Kinetics: Introduction, commercial importance of
rate studies, Order of a reaction, factors deciding the order of a
reaction-relative concentrations of the reactants and mechanism of the
reaction. First order reaction – eq. for rate constant derivation, units.
Half-life period, relation between half-life period and order of a reaction,
numerical problems. Determination of the order of a reaction by the
graphical and the Ostwald’s isolation method. Zero order, fractional order and
pseudo first order reactions with illustrations. Effect of temperature on the
rate of a reaction, temperature coefficient of a reaction. Arrhenius
interpretation of the energy of activation and temperature dependence of the
rate of reaction. Arrhenius Equation. Influence of catalyst on energy profile.
Numerical problems on energy of activation.
9.
Surface chemistry:
Adsorption: Physisorption
and chemisorption and their characteristics, factors affecting adsorption of
gases on solids, Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms, adsorption from
solutions
Catalysis: Homogeneous and
heterogeneous, activity and selectivity of solid catalysts, enzyme catalysis
and its mechanism.
Colloids: Introduction,
colloidal system and particle sizes. Types of colloidal systems,
Lyophilic and lyophobic sols, examples and differences. Preparation of sols by
Bredig’s arc method and peptisation. Purification of sols - dialysis and
electro dialysis. Properties of sols - Tyndall effect, Brownian movement
electrophoresis, origin of charge, coagulation, Hardy and Schulze rule,
Protective action of sols. Gold number, Gold number of gelatin and starch.
Applications of colloids. Emulsions and their characteristics.
10. Chemical
thermodynamics: Spontaneous and non-spontaneous
processes, criteria for spontaneity - tendency to attain a state of minimum
energy and maximum randomness. Entropy - a measure of randomness, change in
entropy, unit of entropy. Entropy and spontaneity. Second law of
thermodynamics, Gibbs’ free energy as a driving force of a reaction, Gibbs’
equation, prediction of feasibility of a process in terms of ∆G, standard free
energy change and its relation to Kp. Numerical problems.
Section - B: Inorganic Chemistry
11. Periodic properties: Periodic table –
periods and groups. Modern periodic law and present form of periodic table,
s,p,d and f block elements, atomic radii (Van der Waal and covalent) and ionic
radii, comparison of size of cation and anion with the parent atom, size of
isoelectronic ions. Ionization energy, electron affinity, electronegativity-
definition with illustrations, Fajan’s rules. Variations of atomic radius,
ionization energy, electron affinity, electronegativity down the group and
along the period and their interpretation.
12. Principles and processes of
metal extractions: Modes of occurrence of elements in
nature, minerals, ores, steps involved in the extraction of metals –
concentration, reduction (chemical and electrolytic) and refining with
reference to the extraction of Al, Cu, Zn and Fe. Thermodynamic and
electrochemical principles involved in the extraction of metals.
13. Hydrogen: isotopes,
preparation, properties and uses of hydrogen. Physical and chemical
properties of water and heavy water, structure, preparation, reactions and uses
of hydrogen peroxide, classification of hydrides – ionic, covalent and
interstitial, hydrogen as a fuel.
14. S-block elements: general
introduction, electronic configuration and general trends in physical and
chemical properties of elements, anomalous properties of the first element of
each group, diagonal relationships. Preparation and properties of NaOH and
NaHCO3. Industrial
use of lime, limestone, plaster of paris and cement, biological significance of
Na, K, Mg and Ca.
15. P-block elements: General electronic
configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of
elements across the periods and groups, unique behavior of first element in
each group.
Group 13: Preparation,
properties and uses of boron and aluminum, structure, properties and uses of
borax, boric acid, diborane, boron trifluride, aluminum chloride and alums.
Group 14: Tendency for
catenation, structure, properties and uses of allotropes and oxides of carbon,
silicon tetrachloride, silicates, zeolites and silicones.
Group 15: properties and uses
of nitrogen and phosphorus, allotropic forms of phosphorus, preparation,
properties, structure and uses of ammonia, nitric acid, phosphine and
phosphorus halides (PCl3, PCl5), structures of
oxides and oxoacids of nitrogen and phosphorus.
Group 16: Preparation,
properties, structures and uses of ozone, allotropic forms of sulphur,
preparation, properties, structure and uses of sulphuric acid, structures of
oxoacids of sulphur.
Group 17: Preparation,
properties and uses of hydrochloric acid, trends in the acidic nature of
hydrogen halides, structures of interhalogen compounds and oxides and oxoacids
of halogens.
Group 18: Occurrence and uses
of noble gases, isolation of rare gases by Ramsay and Raleigh’s method and
separation of individual gases from noble gas mixture (Dewar’s charcoal adsorption
method). Structures of fluorides and oxides of xenon.
16. d and f block elements: Transition
elements, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics, general
trends in properties of 3d series - electronic configurations, size, variable
oxidation states, colour, magnetic properties, catalytic behaviour, complex
formation, interstitial compounds and alloy formation. Preparation,
properties and uses of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4.
Lanthanoids: Electronic
configuration, oxidation states and lanthanoid contraction.
Actinoids: Electronic
configuration and oxidation states.
17. Co-ordination compounds: Werner’s theory
– ligands, co-ordination number, denticity, chelation, IUPAC nomenclature of
mononuclear co-ordination compounds, isomerism, bonding – valence bond
approach. Importance of co-ordination compounds in qualitative analysis,
extraction of metals and in biological systems.
18. Environmental chemistry:
Environmental
pollution – atmospheric, water and soil
Atmospheric pollution
– tropospheric and stratospheric
Tropospheric
pollutants - gaseous pollutants: oxides of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur,
hydrocarbons, their sources, harmful effects and prevention. Green house
effect and global warming, acid rain.
Particulate
pollutants – smoke, dust, smog, fumes, mist, their sources, harmful effects and
prevention
Stratospheric
pollution – formation and breakdown of ozone, depletion of ozone layer, its
mechanism and effects.
Water pollution –
major pollutants such as pathogens, organic wastes and chemical pollutants,
their harmful effects and prevention.
Soil pollution -
major pollutants such as pesticides (insecticides, herbicides and fungiecides)
their harmful effects and prevention.
Stratagies to control
environmental pollution.
Section – C: Organic Chemistry
19. Purification and
characterization of organic compounds:
Purification:
crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction and
chromatography – principles and their applications
Qualitative analysis
– detection of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus and halogens
Quantitative analysis
– basic principles involved in the estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen,
halogens, sulphur and phosphorus.
Calculations of
empirical formulae and molecular formulae, numerical problems in org. quantitative
analysis.
20. Basic principles of organic
chemistry: Tetravalency of carbon, shapes of simple molecules – hybridization (s
and p), classification of organic compounds based on functional groups,
compounds containing halogens, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur. Homologues
series, isomerism – structural and stereoisomerism.
Nomenclature: covalent bond
fission – homolytic and heterolytic, free radicals, carbocations and
carbanions. Stability of carbocations and free radicals, electrophiles
and nucleophiles.
Electronic displacement in a covalent
bond : Inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and
hyperconjugation
Types of organic reactions: Substitution,
addition, elimination and rearrangement.
21. Hydrocarbons: classification,
isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of preparation, properties and
reactions
Alkanes: conformers,
Sawhorse and Newman projections of ethane, mechanism of halogenation of alkanes
Alkenes: Geometrical
isomerism, mechanism of electrophilic addition, addition of hydrogen, halogens,
water, hydrogen halides – Markownikoff’s and peroxide effect, ozonolysis and
polymerization.
Alkynes: Acidic character,
addition of hydrogen, halogens, water and hydrogen halides, polymerization.
Aromatic hydrocarbons: Nomenclature, benzene
– structure and aromaticity, mechanism of electrophilic substitution,
halogenation, nitration, Friedel – Craft’s alkylation and acylation, directive
influence of functional group in mono-substituted benzene.
22. Organic compounds containing
halogens: General methods of preparation, properties and reactions. Nature
of C-X bond, mechanisms of substitution reactions, uses, environmental effects
of chloroform, iodoform, freons and DDT.
23. Organic compounds containing
oxygen: General methods of preparation, properties and reactions.
Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers:
Alcohols: Identification of
primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, mechanism of dehydration
Phenols: Acidic nature,
electrophilic substitution reactions, halogenation, nitration and sulphonation,
Reimer – Tiemann reaction.
Ethers: Structures
Aldehyde and Ketones: Nature of carbonyl
group, nucleophilic addition to >C=O group, relative reactivities of
aldehydes and ketones, important reactions such as nucleophilic addition
(addition of HCN, NH3 and its
derivatives), Grignard reagents, oxidation, reduction (Wolf Kishner and
Clemmnesen), acidity of α–hydrogen, aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction,
Haloform reaction, chemical tests to distinguish between aldehydes and ketones.
Carboxylic acids: Acidic strength and
factors affecting it.
24. Organic compounds containing
Nitrogen: General methods of preparation, properties, reactions and uses.
Amines: Nomenclature,
classification, structure, basic character and identification of primary,
secondary and tertiary amines.
Diazonium salts: importance in
synthetic organic chemistry
25. Polymers: General
introduction and classification of polymers, general methods of polymerization
– addition and condensation, copolymerization, natural and synthetic rubber and
vulcanization, some important polymers with emphasis on their monomers and uses
– polyethylene, nylon 6,6; polyester and bakelite.
26. Biomolecuels: general
introduction and importance of biomolecules
Carbohydrates: Classification –
aldoses and ketoses, monosaccharides (glucose and fructose) and constituent
monosaccharides of oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose and maltose)
Proteins: Elementary idea of
amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptide, proteins – primary, secondary, tertiary
and quaternary, denaturation of proteins, enzymes.
Vitamins: Classification and
functioning
Nucleic acids – chemical constitution
of DNA and RNA, biological functions of nucleic acids.
27. Chemistry in everyday life:
Chemicals in medicine – Analgesics,
tranqilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs,
antibiotics, antacids, antihistamins – their meaning and common examples
Chemicals in food – Preservatives,
artificial sweetening agents, common examples
Cleansing agents – Soaps and detergents,
cleansing action
28. Principles related to
practical chemistry:
Detection of extra
elements (N, S, halogens) in organic compounds, detection of the functional
groups – hydroxyl (alcoholic and phenolic), carbonyl (aldehyde and ketone),
carboxyl and amino groups in organic compounds
Chemistry involved in the titrimetric
exercises: Acid – Base titrations, use of indicators, Redox
titrations and their indicators
Chemical principles involved in the
qualitative salt analysis: Cations – Pb2+, Cu2+, Al3+, Fe3+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Mg2+, NH4+; Anions – CO32−, S2−, SO42−, NO3−, NO2−, Cl−, Br− and I−.
MATHEMATICS
MATHEMATICS - I
ALGEBRA
PARTIAL FRACTIONS
Rational functions,
proper and improper fractions, reduction of improper fractions as a sum of a
polynomial and a proper fraction. Rules of resolving a rational function into
partial fractions in which denominator contains
(i) Linear distinct
factors, (ii) Linear repeated factors, (iii) Non repeated non factorable
quadratic factors [problems limited to evaluation of three constants].
LOGARITHMS
(i)
Definition Of logarithm
(ii)
Indices leading to logarithms and vice versa
(iii) Laws with
proofs:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(change of base rule)
(iv) Common
Logarithm: Characteristic and mantissa; use of logarithmic tables, problems
theorem
MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION
(i)
Recapitulation of the th terms of an AP
and a GP which are required to find the general term of the series
(ii)
Principle of mathematical induction proofs of
a.
b
c.
By mathematical
induction
Sample problems on
mathematical induction
SUMMATION OF FINITE SERIES
(i)
Summation of series using , ,
(ii)
Arithmetico-Geometric series
(iii)
Method of differences (when differences of successive terms are in AP)
(iv)
By partial fractions
THEORY OF EQUATIONS
(i)
FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF ALGEBRA: An th degree equation
has roots (without proof)
(ii)
Solution of the equation . Introducing square roots, cube roots and fourth
roots of unity
(iii) Cubic and
biquadratic equations, relations between the roots and the coefficients.
Solutions of cubic and biquadratic equations given certain conditions
(iv) Concept of
synthetic division (without proof) and problems. Solution of equations by
finding an integral root between and by inspection and then using
synthetic division.
Irrational and
complex roots occur in conjugate pairs (without proof). Problems based on this
result in solving cubic and biquadratic equations.
BINOMIAL THEOREM
Permutation and
Combinations:
Recapitulation of
and and proofs of
(i)
general formulae for and
(ii)
(iii)
(1)
Statement and proof of the Binomial theorem for a positive integral index by
induction. Problems to find the middle term(s), terms independent of and
term containing a definite power of .
(2)
Binomial coefficient – Proofs of
(a)
(b)
MATHEMATICAL LOGIC
Proposition and truth
values, connectives, their truth tables, inverse, converse, contrapositive of a
proposition, tautology and contradiction, logical equivalence – standard
theorems, examples from switching circuits, truth tables, problems.
ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY
1.
Co-ordinate system
(i) Rectangular
co-ordinate system in a plane (Cartesian)
(ii)
Distance formula, section formula and mid-point formula, centroid of a
triangle, area of a triangle – derivations and problems.
(iii)
Locus of a point. Problems.
2.
Straight line
(i)
Straight line: Slope of a line, where is the angle made by the line
with the positive -axis, slope of the line joining any two points, general
equation of a line – derivation and problems.
(ii)
Conditions for two lines to be (i) parallel, (ii) perpendicular. Problems.
(iii) Different
forms of the equation of a straight line: (a) slope-point form (b)
slope-intercept form (c) two points form
(d) intercept form and (e) normal form – derivation; Problems.
(iv) Angle
between two lines, point of intersection of two lines, condition for
concurrency of three lines. Length of the perpendicular from the origin and
from any point to a line. Equations of the internal and external bisectors of
the angle between two lines – Derivations and problems.
3.
Pair of straight lines
Pair of lines, homogenous equations of second degree. General equation of
second degree. Derivation of (1) condition for pair of lines (2) conditions for
pair of parallel lines, perpendicular lines and distance between the pair of
parallel lines. (3) Condition for pair of coincidence lines and (4) Angle and
point of intersection of a pair of lines.
LIMITS AND CONTINUTY
(1)
Limit of a function – definition and algebra of limits.
(2)
Standard limits (with proofs)
(i)
( rational)
(ii)
and ( in radians)
(3) Statement
of limits (without proofs):
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
Problems on limits
(4)
Evaluation of limits which take the form [ form] [ form]
where . Problems.
(5)
Continuity: Definitions of left-hand and right-hand limits and continuity.
Problems.
TRIGONOMETRY
Measurement of Angles
and Trigonometric Functions
Radian measure –
definition. Proofs of:
(i)
radian is constant
(ii)
radians =
(iii)
where is in radians
(iv)
Area of the sector of a circle is given by where is in radians.
Problems
Trigonometric
functions – definition, trigonometric ratios of an acute angle, Trigonometric
identities (with proofs) – Problems. Trigonometric functions of standard
angles. Problems. Heights and distances – angle of elevation, angle of
depression, Problems. Trigonometric functions of allied angles, compound
angles, multiple angles, submultiple angles and Transformation formulae (with
proofs). Problems. Graphs of , and .
Relations between
sides and angles of a triangle
Sine rule, Cosine
rule, Tangent rule, Half-angle formulae, Area of a triangle, projection rule
(with proofs). Problems. Solution of triangles given (i) three sides, (ii) two
sides and the included angle, (iii) two angles and a side, (iv) two sides and
the angle opposite to one of these sides. Problems.
MATHEMATICS – II
ALGEBRA
ELEMENTS OF NUMBER THEORY
(i)
Divisibility – Definition and properties of divisibility; statement of division
algorithm.
(ii)
Greatest common divisor (GCD) of any two integers using Euclid’s algorithm to
find the GCD of any two integers. To express the GCD of two integers and
as for integers and . Problems.
(iii)
Relatively prime numbers, prime numbers and composite numbers, the number of
positive divisors of a number and sum of all positive division of a number –
statements of the formulae without proofs. Problems.
(iv) Proofs of
the following properties:
(1)
the smallest divisor () of an integer () is a prime number
(2)
there are infinitely many primes
(3)
if and are relatively prime and then
(4)
if is prime and then or
(5)
if there exist integers and such that then
(6 if ,
then
(7)
if is prime and is any integer then either or
(8)
the smallest positive divisor of a composite number does not exceed
VECTORS
(i)
Definition of vector as a directed line segment, magnitude and direction of a
vector, equal vectors, unit vector, position vector of point, problems.
(ii) Two-
and three-dimensional vectors as ordered pairs and ordered triplets respectively
of real numbers, components of a vector, addition, subtraction, multiplication
of a vector by a scalar, problems.
(iii) Position
vector of the point dividing a given line segment in a given ratio.
(iv) Scalar
(dot) product and vector (cross) product of two vectors.
(v)
Section formula, mid-point formula and centroid.
(vi) Direction
cosines, direction ratios, proof of and problems.
(vii) Application of
dot and cross products to the area of a parallelogram, area of a triangle,
orthogonal vectors and projection of one vector on another vector, problems.
(viii)
Scalar triple product, vector triple product, volume of a parallelepiped;
conditions for the coplanarity of 3 vectors and coplanarity of 4 points.
(ix) Proofs of
the following results by the vector method:
(a) diagonals of
parallelogram bisect each other
(b)
angle in a semicircle is a right angle
(c) medians of a
triangle are concurrent; problems
(d)
sine, cosine and projection rules
(e) proofs of
1.
2.
cos(A +/- B) = cosA cosB -/+ sinA sinB
MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS
(i)
Recapitulation of types of matrices; problems
(ii)
Determinant of square matrix, defined as mappings and . Properties of
determinants including , Problems.
(iii) Minor and
cofactor of an element of a square matrix, adjoint, singular and non-singular
matrices, inverse of a matrix. Proof of and hence the formula for .
Problems.
(iv) Solution
of a system of linear equations in two and three variables by (1) Matrix
method, (2) Cramer’s rule. Problelms.
ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY
CIRCLES
(i)
Definition, equation of a circle with centre and radius r and with centre
and radius . Equation of a circle with and as the ends of a
diameter, general equation of a circle, its centre and radius – derivations of
all these, problems.
(ii)
Equation of the tangent to a circle – derivation; problems. Condition for a
line to be the tangent to the circle – derivation, point of contact
and problems.
(iii)
Length of the tangent from an external point to a circle – derivation, problems
(iv) Power of a
point, radical axis of two circles, Condition for a point to be inside or
outside or on a circle – derivation and problems. Poof of the result “the
radical axis of two circles is straight line perpendicular to the line joining
their centres”. Problems.
(v)
Radical centre of a system of three circles – derivation, Problems.
(vi)
Orthogonal circles – derivation of the condition. Problems
CONIC SECTIONS (ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY)
Definition of a conic
1. Parabola
Equation of parabola
using the focus directrix property (standard equation of parabola) in the form
; other forms of parabola (without derivation), equation of parabola in
the parametric form; the latus rectum, ends and length of latus rectum.
Equation of the tangent and normal to the parabola at a point (both in
the Cartesian form and the parametric form) (1) derivation of the condition for
the line to be a tangent to the parabola, and the point of contact.
(2) The tangents drawn at the ends of a focal chord of a parabola intersect at
right angles on the directrix – derivation, problems.
2. Ellipse
Equation of ellipse
using focus, directrix and eccentricity – standard equation of ellipse in the
form and other forms of ellipse (without derivations).
Equation of ellipse in the parametric form and auxilliary circle. Latus rectum:
ends and the length of latus rectum. Equation of the tangent and the normal to
the ellipse at a point (both in the Cartesian form and the parametric form)
Derivations of the
following: (1) Condition for the line to be a tangent to the ellipse
at and finding the point of contact (2) Sum of the focal distances
of any point on the ellipse is equal to the major axis (3) The locus of the point
of intersection of perpendicular tangents to an ellipse is a circle (director
circle)
3 Hyperbola
Equation of hyperbola
using focus, directrix and eccentricity – standard equation hyperbola in the
form Conjugate hyperbola and other forms of hyperbola (without
derivations). Equation of hyperbola in the parametric form and auxiliary
circle. The latus rectum; ends and the length of latus rectum. Equations of the
tangent and the normal to the hyperbola at a point (both in the Cartesian from
and the parametric form). Derivations of the following results: (1) Condition
for the line to be tangent to the hyperbola and the point of
contact. (2) Difference of the focal distances of any point on a hyperbola is
equal to its transverse axis. (3) The locus of the point of intersection of
perpendicular tangents to a hyperbola is a circle (director circle) (4)
Asymptotes of the hyperbola (5) Rectangular hyperbola (6) If and
are eccentricities of a hyperbola and its conjugate then
COMPLEX NUMBERS
(i)
Definition of a complex number as an ordered pair, real and imaginary parts,
modulus and amplitude of a complex number, equality of complex numbers, algebra
of complex numbers, polar form of a complex number. Argand diagram. Exponential
form of a complex number. Problems.
(ii) De
Moivre’s theorem – statement and proof, method of finding square roots, cube
roots and fourth roots of a complex number and their representation in the
Argand diagram. Problems.
DIFFERENTIATION
(i)
Differentiability, derivative of function from first principles, Derivatives of
sum and difference of functions, product of a constant and a function,
constant, product of two functions, quotient of two functions from first
principles. Derivatives of , , , , , , , , , from first principles,
problems.
(ii)
Derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions.
(iii)
Differentiation of composite functions – chain rule, problems.
(iv)
Differentiation of inverse trigonometric functions by substitution, problems.
(v)
Differentiation of implicit functions, parametric functions, a function w.r.t
another function, logarithmic differentiation, problems.
(vi)
Successive differentiation – problems upto second derivatives.
Applications Of Derivatives
(i)
Geometrical meaning of , equations of tangent and normal, angle between two
curves. Problems.
(ii)
Subtangent and subnormal. Problems.
(iii)
Derivative as the rate measurer. Problems.
(iv)
Maxima and minima of a function of a single variable – second derivative test.
Problems.
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
(i)
Definition of inverse trigonometric functions, their domain and range.
Derivations of standard formulae. Problems.
(ii)
Solutions of inverse trigonometric equations. Problems.
General Solutions Of Trigonometric
Equations
General solutions of
, , , , – derivations. Problems.
Integration
Statement of the
fundamental theorem of integral calculus (without proof). Integration as the
reverse process of differentiation. Standarad formulae. Methods of integration,
(1) substitution, (2) partial fractions, (3) integration by parts. Problems.
(4) Problems on integrals of: ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
(i)
Evaluation of definite integrals, properties of definite integrals, problems.
(ii)
Application of definite integrals – Area under a curve, area enclosed between
two curves using definite integrals, standard areas like those of circle,
ellipse. Problems.
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Definitions of order
and degree of a differential equation, Formation of a first order differential
equation, Problems. Solution of first order differential equations by the
method of separation of variables, equations reducible to the variable
separable form. General solution and particular solution. Problems.
PROBABILITY
Elementary counting,
Basic probability theory, conditional probability, Independence, Total
probability theorem, Bayes Theorem.
INEQUALITIES
Inequalities related
to Arithmetic Mean, Geometric Mean and Harmonic Mean
BIOLOGY
BIOLOGY - I
GENERAL BIOLOGY TOPICS
Biosystematics: Introduction -
Need, history and types of classification (Artificial, Natural and
Phylogenetic) , Species concept, Binomial nomenclature with examples, Rules and
advantages of binomial nomenclature. Linnaean hierarchy - Kingdom to species
with examples (Cocos nucifera and Homo sapiens). The five - kingdom system of
classification in detail - General characters of kingdoms Monera, Protista,
Mycota, Metaphyta and Metazoa, Lichens.
Cell Biology: Cell structure:
Structure and functions of cell components - cell wall, plasma membrane (fluid
mosaic model), endoplasmic reticulum, plastids (brief), mitochondria (brief),
Golgi complex, Ribosomes, Lysosomes, Centrosome, vacuole and nucleus - nuclear
envelope (nuclear pores and nuclear lamina) nucleoplasm, nucleolus and
chromatin. A brief account of ergastic substances (mention about reserve food,
secretory and excretory substances with examples). Differences between plant
cell and animal cell. Cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, centriole.
Chromosomes: Discovery,
shape, size and number of chromosomes, Autosomes and allosomes; Karyotype and
idiogram. Chemical composition and function. General structure - Concept of
centromere (primary constriction), secondary constriction, satellite,
kinetochore, telomere. Types of chromosomes based on the position of
centromere. Ultrastructural organization of the eukaryotic chromosome - nucleosome
model. Numerical aspects of chromosomes: A brief note on aneuploidy (monosomy
and trisomy) and euploidy (haploidy, diploidy and polyploidy).
Cell Reproduction: Cell division
and types. Concept of cell cycle. Mitotic division and significance.
Meiotic division and its significance. Cancer - meaning of cancer, benign and
malignant tumours, characters of cancer cells, types of cancer (Carcinoma,
Sarcoma, Lymphoma and Leukemia), causes of cancer (physical, chemical and
biological carcinogens with examples). Concept of cell senescence and apoptosis
(programmed cell death).
BOTANY TOPICS
Diversity of life on earth: Kingdom Monera
and other simple living forms - Prions and Viroids: Concept of prions and
viroids - definition, discovery, chemical nature with one example of disease
each - Creutzfeldt - Jacob disease (CJD) and Potato spindle tuber disease
(PSTV).
Viruses: Introduction -
living and non-living properties of viruses. Types of viruses - Plant viruses,
Animal viruses, Bacterial viruses, DNA viruses and RNA viruses (Only
definitions with examples to include the following - Viral disease in plants -
Tobacco Mosaic, Cauliflower Mosaic, Potato Mottle, Leaf Mosaic of tomato and
Banana Bunchy Top; viral diseases in animals-Rabies, Dog distemper, Viral
diseases in man-Japanese Encephalitis, common cold, Poliomyelitis,
Hepatitis-B, Herpes, AIDS and Conjunctivitis). Structure of T4 Bacteriophage,
multiplication of T4 phage (Lytic cycle only).
Bacteria: Introduction.
Classification of bacteria based on mode of nutrition (Heterotrophic bacteria -
parasitic, saprophytic and sumbiotic - and Autotrophic bacteria -
photosynthetic and chemosynthetic; definition and one example for each group).
Ultrastructure of the bacterial cell. Reproduction in bacteria - asexual reproduction
by binary fission, endospore formation and sexual mechanism (genetic
recombination in bacteria - transduction, transformation and conjugation with
details of HFR conjugation only). Importance of bacteria (i) Beneficial aspects
- Scavenging, Fermentation, Retting, Antibiotics, Ecological importance,
Importance in Genetic engineering and Importance in mineral extraction. (ii)
Harmful aspects (iii) Food spoilage and food poisoning. Bacterial diseases -
Brief and introductory information on the following diseases: Citrus canker,
Anthrax, Typhoid, Pneumonia, Cholera, Gastric ulcer, Tuberculosis and Syphilis
(details of treatment are not required). (iv) A brief introduction on Archaea
and their importance.
Cyanobacteria: Introduction.
Structure and reproduction of Nostoc. Differences between bacteria and
Cyanobacteria. Importance of Cyanobacteria.
Kingdom Protista: General
characters. Mentioning the following divisions with suitable examples
- Chrysophyta (Diatoms), Euglenophyta (Euglena) and Protozoa. Taxonomic
position of Algae with reference to the five-kingdom classification. Importance
of Algae (in brief).
Kingdom Mycota: The Fungi:
General characters of Fungi. Mentioning divisions with suitable examples.
Zygomycota - Rhizopus: Ascomycota - Saccharomyces; Basidiomycota - Agaricus;
Duteromycota - Cercospora. Importance of Fungi; A brief account of mushroom
culturing (paddy straw mushroom culturing).
Kingdom Metaphyta: Bryophyta:
General characters of Bryophytes. Mentioning classes with suitable examples -
Hepaticopsida - Riccia; Anthocerotopsida - Anthoceros; Bryopsida - Funaria.
Pteridophyta: General
characters of Pteridophytes. Mentioning classes with suitable examples -
Psilotopsida - Psilotum; Lycopsida - Selaginella; Sphenopsida - Equisetum;
Pteropsida - Nephrolepis.
Gymnosperms: General
characters of Gymnosperms. Mentioning classes with suitable examples -
Cycadopsida - Cycas; Coniferopsida - Pinus; Gnetopsida - Gnetum.
Angiosperms: General
characters of angiosperms - Typical dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants
(Brassica and Grass) and difference between dicotyledons and monocotyledons.
Study of the Angiosperm flower. Technical terms used in description of flower -
Actinomorphic, Zygomorphic, Unisexual, Bisexual, Pedicellate, Sessile, Bracteate,
Ebracteate, Homochlamydeous, Heterochlamydeous. Complete flower, Incomplete
flower, Epigynous, Hypogynous and Perigynous flowers. The parts of the
flower:
a) Accessory whorls
(i) Concept of perianth
(ii) Calyx - polysepalous and gamosepalous condition with one
example each.
(iii) Corolla - Polypetalous and Gamopetalous condition.
(iv) Aestivation - definition and types - Valvate, Imbricate and Twisted types
with one example each.
b) Essential whorls:
(i) Androecium - parts of a stamen, adelphy, syngeny, synandry and epipetaly.
Anther lobes - monothecous and dithecous conditions with one example
each.
(ii) Gynoecium - part of gynoecium, concept of carpel, Types of gynoecium -
apocarpous and syncarpous gynoecium. Types of gynoecium based on number of carpels
- monocarpellary, bicarpellary, tricarpellary and multicarpellary
conditions.Nature of ovary of gynoecium with reference to locule - unilocular,
bilocular, trilocular and multilocular conditions. Placentation - definition,
types - marginal, axile, basal and parietal.
Internal structure of
essential parts: a) T.S of mature anther and structure of the pollen grain
(Microsporogenesis not needed) b) Structure of a mature anatropous ovule
(Megasporogenesis not needed).
Pollination in
Angiosperms: Definition, self and cross pollination, types (Autogamy, Allogamy,
Geitonogamy, Xenogamy, Cleistogamy, Homogamy). Agents (Anemophily, Zoophily -
Entomophily - Ornithophily and Hydrophily) with examples. (Pollination
mechanisms not needed).
Fertilization in
Angiosperms: Definition, a brief account of double fertilization and its
significance (Embryogeny not required).
The Angiosperm fruit:
Definition, types of fruits - Simple fruits - fleshy fruits (drupe and berry),
Dry fruits (capsule, cypsela and cremocarp) and Pome (apple). Aggregate fruits
- etaerio of follicles. Multiple fruits - Sorosis.
The Angiosperm seed:
Concept of seed. A typical dicotyledonous seed (Example: Bean seed). A typical
monocotyledonous seed (Example: Maize grain).
Taxonomy and Economic Botany: Taxonomy: An
outline of classification system of Engler and Prantl. Distinguishing
characters and plants of economic interest of the following families of
angiosperms.
Fabaceae- (garden pea, gram, soyabean)
Solanaceae- ( Solanum
nigrum, ashwagandha, brinjal, tomato, tobacco)
Liliaceae-
(onion,tulip,colchicum )
Economic Botany:
Introduction. Oil yielding plants - Groundnut and Sunflower. Cereals and
millets - Rice and Jowar. Pulses - Pigeon pea and Bengal gram. Medicinal plants
- Adathoda vasica, Ephedra gerardiana, Dryopteris, Santalum album, Gymnema
sylvestre, Ocimum sanctum, Phyllanthus emblica. Spices - Pepper, cloves and
cardamom. Beverages - Coffee, cocoa and tea. (Mentioning scientific names,
family, parts used and uses only).
GENERAL BIOLOGY TOPICS
Introduction to Biology: Definition of
Biology and its main branches - Botany and Zoology. Scope of Biology. Branches
of Biology (definition only). Classical branches - morphology, cytology,
histology, anatomy, physiology, developmental biology, biosystamatics,
genetics, ecology, organic evolution and palaeontology. Interdisciplinary
branches - biophysics, biochemistry and biostatistics. Applied branches and
career prospects - agriculture, entomology,silviculture, pathology, apiculture,
microbiology and bioinformatics. Role of biology in dispelling myths and
disbeliefs.
Biomolecules: Carbohydrates:
Definition. Classification - monosaccharides (ribose, deoxyribose, glucose,
fructose and galactose), oligosaccharides (maltose, sucrose and lactose) and
polysaccharides (starch, glycogen, cellulose, pectin, chitin and agar agar).
Biological significance.
Proteins: Definition.
Classification - simple proteins (albumins, globulins, histones, actin, myosin
and keratin), conjugate proteins - Chromoproteins (haemoglobin), glycoproteins
(mucin of saliva), phospoproteins (casein of milk) and lipoproteins
(lipovitelline of egg yolk). Biological significance of amino acid and
proteins.
Lipids: Definition.
Classification - Simple lipids - oils (vegetable oil and oil of animal origin),
fats (butter) and waxes (beeswax), Compound lipids - phospholipids (lecithin
and cephalin) and sphingolipids (cerebrosides),Related compounds - steroids
(estrogen, progesterone and testosterone), sterols (cholesterol) and
prostaglandins. Biological significance.
Enzymes: Definition,
properties, classification based on functions. Mode of action - induced fit
theory of Koshland.
Nucleic acid:
Occurrence, basic chemical composition (nucleoside and nucleotide), mention of
type (DNA and RNA) and functions (structural details are not required). [*Note:
Details of chemical structure of biomolecules are not required].
Origin of life and organic evolution: Origin of life:
Introduction. Concept of abiogenesis and biogenesis (experimental evidences not
required).A.I.Oparin’s Theory of chemical evolution of life (Views of Haldane
and Sidney Fox to be mentioned). Stanley Miller’s experiment in support of
chemical evolution. Divergent and convergent evolution. Evolution of man.
Organic evolution:
Introduction. Darwin’s Theory (DDT resistance in mosquitoes and industrial
melanism in Peppered moth, to illustrate natural selection to be quoted as
examples). Brief account of Mutation Theory. Neo Darwininism - Introduction,
Darwinian concept vs Neo Darwinian concept (gene pool and gene frequency),
Hardy - Weinberg Law and sources of variations as evolutionary force - sexual
reproduction, genetic drift, gene flow, mutation and isolation (reproductive
and geographic).
ZOOLOGY TOPICS
Diversity of animal life: Introduction. Outline
classification of kingdom Animalia (only the major phyla to be considered).
Major animal phyla: Outline classification as treated in ‘A Manual of Zoology’
Vol. I and Vol. II (1971) by Ekambarantha Ayyar. Non-chordata (animals without
backbone) - General characters and classification up to classes (salient
features of classes of Invertebrate phyla not to be given) with suitable
examples of the following phyla: Porifera, Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes,
Nematoda, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca and Echinodermata. Chordata (Animals
with backbone) - Fundamental characters and classification of chordata up to
subphyla - Hemichordata, Urochordata, Cephalochordata and Vertebrata with
suitable examples. Subphylum Vertebrata - Salient features with examples of (i)
Subphylum Pisces: Class Chondreichthyes and Class Osteichthyes); (ii)
Superclass Tetrapoda: Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves and Mammalia. Differences
between non-chordates and chordates.
Study of Morphology: Cockroach -
Periplaneta sp. Morphology (Structure of head capsule and compound eye not
required).Digestive and nervous systems.
Aquaculture: Definition.
Areas - fin fisheries and shell fisheries. Pisciculture: definition, capture
fisheries and culture fisheries. Inland fisheries - procedure. Monoculture, monosex
culture and polyculture (composite fish farming) - meaning with examples.
Dairy: Animal
husbandry, Definition, Types of indigenous cattle with examples based on
utility - draught, milching and dual purpose (Cow breeds - Sindhi, Sahiwal,
Amrithmahal, Hallikar, Ongole and Haryana; Buffalo breeds - Murrah, Surti,
Mehsana and Nagpuri). Examples of high yielding exotic breeds (Holstein, Red
Dane, Jersey and Brown Swiss). Nutritive value of milk. Utility of cattle -
biogas, leather, gelatin and organic manure.
Apiculture – a brief
account.
Poultry: Definition.
Types of indigenous fowls with examples based on utility - layers, broilers and
dual purpose (Aseel, Chittagong, Ghagus, Basra and Kadaknath). Examples of
exotic breeds (White Leghorn, Cornish, Rhode Island Red Plymouth Rock and
Newhampshire). Giriraj - origin and salient features.
Nutritive value of egg. Diseases ( Respiratory mycoplasmosis, Fowl pox
candidiasis, Raniketh and Fowl cholera) - Mentioning of diseases and causative
organisms only.
BIOLOGY - II
GENERAL BIOLOGY TOPICS
Molecular Biology: Nucleic acids:
DNA - Occurrence, DNA as the genetic material (with the experiment of Avery as
evidence), chemical composition, structure (Watson - Crick model),
Semiconservative method of replication. RNA - Occurrence, chemical composition,
brief account of structure and functions of genetic RNA, rRNA, mRNA and tRNA
(clover - leaf model).
Gene: The gene, the
genetic code and its characteristics, genetic control of protein synthesis
(transcription and translation) and Lac operon. Concept of gene (prokaryotic
and eukaryotic).
Biotechnology: Introduction:
Scope of biotechnology.
Genetic Engineering:
Introduction; Tools used in genetic engineering - Vectors (plasmid - pUC18),
Enzymes (REN and Ligase), Host cell (E.coli) and Bioreactors.
Recombinant DNA technology and its applications: Insulin synthesis to be used
as an example.
A brief account of: DNA fingerprinting, Gene therapy, Human genome project,
Monoclonal antibodies.
Improvement of crop plants: Breeding techniques; Tissue culture technique -
organ culture example: stem; transgenic plants example: Golden rice.
Improvement of animals: Breeding techniques and stem cell culture, transgenic
animals, example- Cattle.
Hazards and safeguards of genetic engineering.
BOTANY TOPICS
Plant histology & anatomy: Introduction:
Definition and general classification of plant tissues.
Meristems:
Definition, structure and classification based on position, origin and function
(theories an apical organization not required).
Permanent Tissues -
Distribution, structure and functions of: Simple tissues: Parenchyma
(Chorenchyma and Aerenhyma), Collenchyma (angular, lacunar &
lamellar) and Sclerenchyma - Fibres (Intraxylary and Extraxylary), Sclereids
(Macrosclereids, Brachysclereids, Astrosclereids and Osteosclereids).
Complex tissues:
Xylem and Phloem. Definition of the terms: Primary and secondary vascular
tissues, exarch xylem, endarch xylem, collateral conjoint open and collateral
conjoint closed vascular bundles, radial arrangement of vascular tissues.
Secondary growth in dicot stem: intrastelar and extrastelar secondary growth.
Anatomy of different parts of flowering plant.
Water relations of plants: Fundamental
concepts: Importance of water to plants. Significance and definitions of the
following: Imbibition, Diffusion, Osmosis, Endosmosis, Exosmosis, Plasmolysis,
Deplasmolysis, Turgor pressure, Wall pressure, Osmotic pressure. Water
potential and its components.
Absorption of water: Structure of root hair. Sources of water for plants
(available water and nonavailable water). Region of absorption of water in
plants. Entry of water from soil into xylem of root. Active and passive
absorption of water (active absorption to show osmotic and non-osmotic
processes).
Ascent of sap: Definition
and evidences to show the involvement of xylem (the Balsam plant experiment).
Composition of xylem sap. Transpiration pull theory - merits and demerits.
Loss of water in
plants: Transpiration - Definition and types. Structure of a typical stomatal apparatus
(dicot example only). Mechanism of stomatal movement - Steward’s Starch
hydrolysis theory and K+ pump theory. Factors influencing the rate of
transpiration (external). Significance of transpiration. A brief note on
antitranspirants.
Guttation: A brief
account of guttation - occurrence, causes and structure of hydathode.
Translocation of
solutes: Definition and evidences in support of involvement of phloem in the
process (Girdling experiment and Tracer method). Composition of phloem sap.
Munch’s mass flow hypothesis with merits and demerits. Vein loading.
Mineral nutrition-
study methods, essential elements, mechanism, soil as reservoir, Nitrogen
metabolism.
Bioenergetics: Introduction:
Light as the source of energy and ATP as energy currency.
Photosynthesis:
Definition. Ultrastructure of the chloroplast. Photosynthetic pigments and
their role; composition of photsystems I & II. (Molecular structures and
formulae not required). Mechanism - light reaction - cyclic and noncyclic
photophosprylations; Dark reaction (C3 pathway - Calvin cycle) - (details of
regeneration steps not required); C4 pathway and CAM (definition and examples
only). Influence of external factors on photosynthesis; Blackman’s law of
limiting factors. Significance of photosynthesis.
Respiration:
Definition and types (aerobic and anaerobic). Ultra structure of mitochondrion.
Mechanism of aerobic respiration - Glycolysis, Krebs cycle and Terminal
oxidation. Anaerobic respiration - Mechanism of fermentation in the presence of
yeast and lactic acid bacteria. Role of external factors, respiratory quotient
(RQ) and its significance and Pasteur effect.
Growth and growth regulators in plants: Growth:
Definition, regions of growth, phases of growth and growth curve.
Growth regulators:
Definition. Role of the following plant hormones (Details of experiments on
discovery of hormones not required):
i. Auxins.
ii. Gibberellins.
iii. Cytokinins.
iv. Abscissic acid.
v. Ethylene.
Synthetic growth regulators and their applications (with reference to IAA, IBA,
NAA, 2, 4-D, BAP and Ethephon).
GENERAL BIOLOGY TOPICS
Genetics: Mendelian
genetics: Mendel and his work. Definitions of the following terms: Allele,
Phenotype, Genotype, Homozygous and Heterozygous. Principles of inheritance,
dominance, law of segregation (purity of gametes) and law of independent
assortment. Monohybrid cross, Dihybrid cross and Test cross.
Deviations from
Mendelian laws: Incomplete dominance: Example - Flower colour in Mirabilis
jalapa. Pleiotropy, Polygenic inheritance, chromosomal theory of
inheritance, Sex determination, Linkage and crossing over, Pedigree.
Multiple allelism: Example - ABO blood groups and their inheritance in man:
Blood typing; Rh factor with a note on erythroblastosis foetalis. Sex linked
inheritance in man: Example - Inheritance of colour-blindness , hypertrichosis
in man, Phenylketonuria.
Genetic disorders in
man: Chromosomal disorders - Down’s syndrome, Klinefelter’s syndrome, Turner’s
syndrome and Cri-du-Chat syndrome. Gene disorders - Sickle cell anaemia, haemophilia,
Thalassemia.
Ecology : ecosystem-
structure and function, biotic and abiotic factors, productivity,
decomposition, energy flow, ecological pyramids, ecological succession,
biogeochemical cycles( C, P, N),ecosystem services.
Population interactions-
mutualism, competition, predation and parasitism.
Biodiversity: Definition and
Types: Ecosystem or habitat diversity, Species diversity and Genetic diversity.
Biodiversity profiles
of India and Karnataka: Species diversity, Endemic species, Threatened species
and Endangered species.
Benefits of
biodiversity: Economic - Traditional crop varieties and lesser known plants and
animals of food value, medicinal plants harvested from wild habitat.
Ecological/Social - For controlling soil - water regimes and hydrology, for
efficient organic residue management and soil fertility management. Ethical -
Cultural, Spiritual and Religious belief systems centred around the concept of
sacred species, sacred groves and sacred landscapes.
Biodiversity
depletion: Anthropocentric causes - urbanization, expansion of agriculture,
deforestation, pollution, acidification of soil and water, mining activities,
desertification and loss of soil fertility.
Concept of ecosystem
sustainability: Conservation of natural resources based on traditional
ecological knowledge (TEK): Conservation of Water - rainwater harvesting and
watershed management. Conservation of soil - Prevention of soil erosion and
maintenance of soil fertility: methods of soil conservation. Conservation of
forests - Afforestation and maintenance of biosphere reserves. Conservation of
wild life - (i) Setting up of national parks, sanctuaries, bioreserves and zoos
(ii) Habitat improvement.
Global issues:
Pollution – a brief account of air pollution, water pollution, solid wastes,
radioactive waste and agricultural waste. Concept, causes, effects and control
measures of the following: Global warming and greenhouse effect, Ozone layer
depletion, Acid rain, Nuclear winter.
Man in health and diseases: Concept of
Homeostasis - The central Dogma in physiology: Definition. Meaning of internal
environment. Factors to be kept constant to achieve homeostasis. An example to
illustrate homeostasis - regulation of blood glucose level by liver and
pancreas through negative feedback. A note on diabetes mellitus.
Body defense and
immunity: Introduction. Nonspecific body defenses: a) Surface barriers b)
Cellular and bio-chemical defenses: phagocytosis, natural killer cells,
interferons and inflammatory response. Specific body defenses (immunity):
Antigen and antibody, role of B and T lymphocytes. Types of immunity: Active
(infection and vaccination) and Passive (from mother and immune serum
Y-globulins).
Digestion: Gross
anatomy of human digestive system (structure of tooth not required). Components
of food (concept of balanced diet). Physiology of digestion of carbohydrates,
proteins and fats. Disorders: Causes, symptoms and prevention of hyperacidity
and ulcer, jaundice and its types and hepatitis.
Circulation:
Introduction. Gross anatomy of the human heart. Mechanism of working of heart -
cardiac cycle, stroke volume, cardiac out-put, complete double circulation.
Origin and conduction of heart beat. Mechanism of blood clotting (Best and
Taylor theory). Blood pressure - hypotension and hypertension. Disorders -
causes and symptoms of myocardial infarction and cyanosis.
Respiration: Gross
anatomy of human respiratory system. Mechanism of respiration:
(i) Breathing (inspiration and expiration)
(ii) External respiration (exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between
alveoli and blood)
(iii) Internal respiration (exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood
and body cells)
(iv) Cellular respiration. Disorders: Rhinitis, Asthma and bronchogenic
carcinoma. Artificial breathing.
Excretion: Introduction.
Gross structure of nephron, Physiology of urine formation. Chemical composition
of urine. Disorders: a. Renal failure - acute and chronic b. Renal calculi.
Kidney replacement therapy: a brief note on dialysis (haemodialysis and
continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis) and kidney transplantation.
Locomotion and
movement: types of movement, muscle, skeletal system, disorders.
Nervous system:
Components - CNS, PNS & ANS. Human brain - structure (sagittal section
only) and functions (functional areas of cerebrum not required). Human spinal
cord - structure and functions. Meaning of reflex arc and reflex action.
Sensory reception and processing – the eye, the ear. Disorders: Meaning,
causes and symptoms of epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease and
Huntington’s chorea. Alcoholism and its effects. Narcotic drugs - meaning,
listing of types (stimulants, depressants, analgesics and hallucinogens) and
their effects. Drug abuse and addiction, Efforts to counter alcoholism and drug
menace.
Chemical
coordination: glands, hormones, human endocrine system including those of
heart, kidney and gastrointestinal tract. Mechanism of hormone action.
Microbes and Man:
household products, industrial products, sewage treatment, biogas, bio
fertilizers, biopesticides.
Continuity of life: Developmental
biology (basics of sexual reproduction) - Gametogenesis: Spermatogenesis -
formation of spermatids and spermiogenesis (details of spermiogenesis are not
required). Ultrastructure of human sperm. Oogenesis. Generalized structure of
ovum.
Fertilization –
Definition, Types - external and internal. Mechanism. Significance.
Types of
Reproduction- a brief account.
Human
Reproduction: A brief account of reproductive systems (organs),
Fertilization, Implantation, Placenta. Role of gonadotropins and sex hormones
in males and females (meaning of menstrual cycle to be highlighted).
Fertility control -
Need for fertility control. Survey of family planning methods: Spacing methods
(Barriers, IUDs, Hormonal and Physiological) and Terminal methods (Tubectomy
and Vasectomy).
Infertility control -
Meaning and causes of infertility in males and females. Remedical methods
(Assisted conception methods) - IVF,ET,GIFT and ZIFT. (details of GIFT AND ZIFT
not required).
Sexually transmitted
diseases - Meaning, causative organisms, mode of infection, symptoms and
preventive measures of gonorrhoea, syphilis and AIDS.
GENERAL ENGLISH
Broadly, this paper includes questions
on general English like spotting of errors, sentence improvement, vocabulary
etc.
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